MAJOR INITIAL THEME
Artificial intelligence refers to the creation of software that behaves intelligently. The software may function as an expert, participate in intelligent planning, translate languages, and carry out a variety of other duties. It is important to remember that artificial intelligence is a program,machine and model that was developed not to actually have intelligence, but to exhibit intelligent behaviour (Whitson, 2023).
HOW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WORKS
Understanding how various facts combine to produce knowledge and representing that information in a way that a computer can comprehend are the primary activities of artificial intelligence. The next goal is to comprehend and record the thought process used to reach a conclusion. The third element of artificial intelligence is to incorporate a learning mechanism that expands a system's knowledge whenever practical.
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION: Facts are straightforward bits of knowledge that may be interpreted as either true or untrue, though with fuzzy logic, there can be different degrees of truth. Information is created by organising facts, and knowledge is created through time by thoroughly understanding information. Artificial intelligence requires information to be represented in some tangible way before it can be used, especially when designing programmes. When artificial intelligence programmes were first being developed, the majority of individuals involved believed that information could be represented symbolically, and their early knowledge representations were symbolic. In many of the early artificial intelligence programmes, semantic nets directed graphs of facts with extra semantic content were extremely effective representations.familiarity with a system (Whitson, 2023).
REASONING: This is the process of deriving new knowledge from existing knowledge. Artificial intelligence systems quickly create a mechanism of knowledge representation before they incorporate reasoning. When knowledge is represented by semantic nets, tree searches are used in the majority of cases in reasoning. Traversing a decision tree is a common method of reasoning in which the reasoning is represented by the path travelled through the tree. The time-consuming nature of tree searches of general semantic nets has prompted several improvements in tree-search algorithms, including limits on the depth of search and backtracking (Whitson, 2023).
LEARNING: Artificial intelligence systems learn by expanding or changing their knowledge. Learning is performed by adding or changing the semantic nets or logic rules, respectively, in both logic programming systems and systems using semantic nets. Although a lot of work has gone into creating learning algorithms for these systems, all of them have so far relied on ad hoc techniques and had very modest results. Contrarily, neural networks have excelled in creating learning algorithms. Numerous unsupervised learning techniques analyse the clustering of the input vectors, whereas Backpropagation offers a powerful supervised learning algorithm that uses gradient-descent optimisation to learn from a collection of training pairs (Whitson, 2023).
APPLICATIONS AND PRODUCT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
EXPERT SYSTEM: Expert systems are among the most productive applications of artificial intelligence. Thousands of expert systems are currently being utilised to support decision-making by both experts and novices. For instance, 'in the 1990s, Dell developed
a simple expert system that allowed shoppers to configure a computer as
they wished. In the 2010s, a visit to the Dell website offered a
customer much more than a simple configuration program. Based on the
customer's answers to some rather general questions, dozens of small
expert systems suggested what computer to buy. The Dell site was not
unique in its use of expert systems to guide customer's choices.
Insurance companies, automobile companies, and many others have used
expert systems to assist customers in making decisions' (Whitson, 2023).
(www.javatpoint.com, n.d.)
THEOREM PROVER : The majority of mathematical theorems can be formulated in first-order predicate calculus. All verifiable theorems may be derived from a set of axioms for any specific field, such as group theory or synthetic geometry. Since the 1950s, mathematical programmes that automatically prove theorems have been created. These theorem provers either start with the axioms and employ an inference approach, or start with the theorem and work backward to see how it may be derived from axioms. There are various automated methods for proving theorems, including Resolution, which was created in Prologue. In Resolution, a user starts with a theorem, transforms it into a normal form, and then automatically constructs reverse decision trees to demonstrate the theory.
ELECTRONIC GAMES: Since the development of the cathode-ray tube for television, people have enjoyed playing electronic games. Computer games like Pong, Pac-Man, and Solitaire almost equaled the popularity of stand-alone gaming platforms in the 1980s. Young and old alike liked multiplayer online games in the 2010s, and using mobile devices to play games became a crucial function. In each of these digital games, the player faces off against one or more in-game intelligent agents, and the development of these intelligent agents makes extensive use of artificial intelligence. A programmer must include game knowledge into the code when developing an intelligent agent that will engage in competition with a user or, as in patience, just respond to the user.
(role-playing video game | History & Examples, 2019)
REFERENCES
Whitson, G.M.. I.B.M., PhD (2023) Artificial intelligence, Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science [Preprint]. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,sso&db=ers&AN=89250362&site=eds-live&scope=site (Accessed: 31 May 2023).
www.dreamstime.com. (n.d.). White Robot Using Digital Artificial Intelligence Head Interface 3D Rendering Stock Photo - Image of modern, mechanical: 165105338. [online] Available at: https://www.dreamstime.com/white-robot-using-digital-artificial-intelligence-head-interface-d-rendering-blurred-background-image165105338 [Accessed 3 Jun.2023].
www.javatpoint.com. (2021). Expert Systems in Artificial Intelligence - Javatpoint. [online] Available at: https://www.javatpoint.com/expert-systems-in-artificial-intelligence.
role-playing video game | History & Examples. (2019). In: Encyclopædia Britannica. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/topic/role-playing-video-game.
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